CreatingConnections The Pennsylvania Greenways and Trails How-To Manual By: Russ Johnson, Pennsylvania Environmental Council Edited By: Andrew W. Johnson, Pennsylvania Environmental Council Anna M. Breinich, AICP, Pennsylvania Environmental Council Illustrations By: Frank McShane Design By: Nancy A. Rosenberg Funding for this manual was provided by the William Penn Foundation, the Howard Heinz Endowment, and the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Pennsylvania Greenways Partnership 1998 Table of Contents Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................................ v Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ vi Phases of Creating a Greenway or a Trail ............................................................................................................................... viii SECTION I: Overview: "Building a Green Legacy for Pennsylvania" Chapter 1: Introducing Greenways and Trails ....................................................................................................................... 1 Defining Greenways .................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Understanding Greenway Forms and Functions ......................................................................................................................... 2 Relating Greenways to the Pennsylvania Landscape .................................................................................................................. 3 Defining Trails ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Understanding Trail Forms and Functions .................................................................................................................................. 4 Understanding Corridor Concepts ............................................................................................................................................... 6 Understanding Community Benefits of Greenways and Trails ................................................................................................... 6 SECTION II: The Vision and Organization Phase: "Volunteers with a Vision" Chapter 2: Visioning the Greenway or Trail ........................................................................................................................... 9 Forming The Early Vision ........................................................................................................................................................... 9 Sharing the Vision ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Providing Leadership ................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Recruiting Initial Support ............................................................................................................................................................ 11 Forming a Steering Committee ................................................................................................................................................... 11 Defining a Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Choosing a Name ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Obtaining Non-profit Status ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Chapter 3: Sharing Your Vision ............................................................................................................................................... 12 Developing a Concept Plan ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 Developing the Case Statement ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Making Initial Contacts with Public Officials and Opinion Leaders .......................................................................................... 13 Meeting with Public Officials and Opinion Leaders ................................................................................................................... 14 Meeting with Landowners ........................................................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 4: Building, Strengthening and Managing Your Organization .............................................................................. 15 Recruiting Supporters, Members and Volunteers ........................................................................................................................ 15 Holding on to Supporters, Members and Volunteers ................................................................................................................... 15 Working Together to Produce Results ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Managing the Organizational Structure ....................................................................................................................................... 16 Creating a Strategic Plan ............................................................................................................................................................. 17 i SECTION III: The Research Phase: "Working Within the Community" Chapter 5: Obtaining Public Input ......................................................................................................................................... 19 Conducting Interviews ................................................................................................................................................................ 20 Using Questionnaires .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 Reporting Results ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Using Public Input ...................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Planning an Initial Public Meeting ............................................................................................................................................. 21 Conducting Public Meetings ...................................................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 6: Working With Landowners and Neighbors ........................................................................................................ 22 Identifying Landowners .............................................................................................................................................................. 22 Making Initial Contact with Landowners ................................................................................................................................... 23 Obtaining Permission to Enter the Property ............................................................................................................................... 23 Identifying Neighbors ................................................................................................................................................................. 24 Making Initial Contact with Neighbors ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Understanding Landowner Concerns ......................................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 7: Working with Public Officials and Non-Governmental Organizations ........................................................... 25 Working With Municipal Government ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Working With County Government ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Working With Regional Agencies .............................................................................................................................................. 28 Working With State Agencies ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 Working With Federal Agencies ................................................................................................................................................. 34 Working With Non-governmental Organizations ....................................................................................................................... 36 Chapter 8: Marketing and Publicity ....................................................................................................................................... 38 Creating a Marketing and Publicity Plan .................................................................................................................................... 38 Establishing an Identity .............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Getting Media Attention ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 Employing Other Publicity Tactics ............................................................................................................................................. 40 Holding Events ........................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Promoting With Products ........................................................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 9: Securing Necessary Investments .......................................................................................................................... 42 Creating An Annual Budget ........................................................................................................................................................ 42 Creating A Fiscal Plan ................................................................................................................................................................ 42 Understanding Expenses ............................................................................................................................................................ 43 Raising Funds ............................................................................................................................................................................. 44 Recognizing Contributors ........................................................................................................................................................... 45 Seeking Foundation Grants ......................................................................................................................................................... 45 Seeking State Government Grant Support .................................................................................................................................. 46 ii SECTION IV: The Planning Phase: "Plan the Work and Work the Plan" Chapter 10: Getting Started ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 Creating a Scope of Work ............................................................................................................................................................ 51 Hiring Consultants ....................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 11: Conducting Property Research ........................................................................................................................... 53 Understanding Legal Instruments of Ownership ......................................................................................................................... 53 Conducting Appraisals................................................................................................................................................................. 54 Conducting Surveys..................................................................................................................................................................... 54 Using Maps .................................................................................................................................................................................. 54 Chapter 12: Conducting The Feasibility Study ...................................................................................................................... 56 The Physical Inventory Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 56 Environmental Assessment for Hazardous and Residual Waste.................................................................................................. 58 The Engineered Structures Inventory .......................................................................................................................................... 58 The Public Services and Utilities Inventory ................................................................................................................................ 59 The Scenic Resources Inventory ................................................................................................................................................. 59 The Historical and Cultural Resources Inventory ....................................................................................................................... 59 Transportation Characteristics ..................................................................................................................................................... 60 Population and Socioeconomic Characteristics........................................................................................................................... 60 Potential Demand Analysis.......................................................................................................................................................... 60 Potential Benefits Analysis .......................................................................................................................................................... 61 Social Benefits ............................................................................................................................................................................. 61 Feasibility Determination ............................................................................................................................................................ 61 Chapter 13: Creating the Master Plan .................................................................................................................................... 62 Mastering the Master Planning Process ...................................................................................................................................... 62 Designing Infrastructure and Facilities ....................................................................................................................................... 64 Design Considerations: Enhancing Economic Benefits .............................................................................................................. 66 SECTION V: The Acquisition and Development Phases: "Establishing the Legacy" Chapter 14: Acquiring the Greenway or Trail Corridor ....................................................................................................... 69 Deciding Greenway and Trail Ownership ................................................................................................................................... 69 Understanding Legal Instruments for Acquisition ...................................................................................................................... 70 Chapter 15: Developing the Greenway or Trail...................................................................................................................... 73 Following the Timetable .............................................................................................................................................................. 73 Preparing Construction Plans ...................................................................................................................................................... 73 Estimating Costs of Development ............................................................................................................................................... 74 Working with Contractors ........................................................................................................................................................... 75 iii Chapter 16: Managing and Maintaining the Greenway or Trail .......................................................................................... 75 Managing the Greenway or Trail ................................................................................................................................................. 75 Maintaining the Greenway or Trail ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Budgeting for Operating and Maintenance Costs ....................................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 17: ............................................................................................ Continuing the Mission ........................................... 77 Continuing the Legacy ................................................................................................................................................................ 77 Extending the Greenway or Trail ................................................................................................................................................ 78 Sharing Your Skills ...................................................................................................................................................................... 79 SECTION VI: Resources Acronyms .................................................................................................................................................................................... 83 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................................... 84 Contributors ................................................................................................................................................................................ 84 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................................................. 86 Appendix I: Additional Information and Sample Sources ........................................................................................................... 86 Appendix II: Sample Partner Profile ............................................................................................................................................ 86 Appendix III: Sample Permission Form and Liability Waiver ..................................................................................................... 87 Appendix IV: Sample Trail User Survey ...................................................................................................................................... 87 Appendix V: Trails Sharing Utility Rights-of-Way ...................................................................................................................... 88 Appendix VI: Trail Use Rules and Regulations Guidelines ......................................................................................................... 90 Appendix VII: Trail Assessment Form ......................................................................................................................................... 90 The Green Pages Resources Guide ........................................................................................................................................... 91 Manual Examples Contact Information By Page Number ........................................................................................................... 91 General Resource Listing ............................................................................................................................................................. 95 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................. 100 iv Preface Pennsylvania is fortunate to have a vast network of greenways and This manual is a product of the Pennsylvania Greenways trails. As a result of our ridge-and-valley topography, we have Partnership Initiative, a cooperative effort of the Pennsylvania endless stream miles and ridge tops running from one border to Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Pennsylvania another. Our ancestors' efforts to transport themselves and their Environmental Council, Pennsylvania Field Office of the Rails-to- products created a vast interconnected system of Native American Trails Conservancy, and The Conservation Fund. It also is a paths, canals, and rail lines built alongside, around, over and under product of Pennsylvania's first-ever Governor's Conference this challenging landscape. This, the part of our heritage we are on Greenways and Trails held in April 1997, the largest statewide known for best, is now being recycled into greenways and trails, conference of its kind in the nation. We trust you will find once again linking together our cities, towns, and open spaces. this manual to be a useful and valuable resource in your greenway endeavors. This evolving green infrastructure can play a larger role in protect- ing our Commonwealth's natural and historic resources, provide more recreation opportunities to our increasingly active citizens, and give us safe and convenient routes to walk or ride bicycles to work, to school, and to other destinations in our communities. The positive economic impacts of greenways and trails, including tourism and increased property values, are especially encouraging. Greenways and trails, once protected, will be sustainable resources that will continue to provide benefits to future generations. The purpose of this manual is to encourage citizens, civic organizations, governments and private enterprise to collaborate more effectively on greenway and trail development. It is intended to provide information and resources specific to Pennsylvania for greenway and trail planning, acquisition, construction and management. Thanks to countless volunteer hours, and state funding programs, Pennsylvania is the leading state in greenway and trail projects underway. As of 1994, 55 local land trust organizations had preserved 326,616 acres of Pennsylvania's open spaces. In addition, there are 692 miles of rail-trails open in the Common- wealth. The miles of foot paths, trails, and woodland roads on public and private land is beyond count. v Introduction The Pennsylvania Greenways Partnership Purpose of This Manual This manual was written by the Pennsylvania Environmental This manual is intended to give all who work, or wish to work, Council on behalf of the Pennsylvania Greenways Partnership, on greenways and trails a command of the overall process for a joint endeavor of the Pennsylvania Environmental Council, creating greenways and trails in Pennsylvania. Wherever possible, The Conservation Fund, the Pennsylvania Field Office of the the manual presents information specific to the institutions and Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, and the Pennsylvania Department laws of the Commonwealth. It represents the collective wisdom of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR). Funding and of numerous Pennsylvanians from all regions of the state. It is not, in-kind services for the Partnership have been provided by the however, designed to be a replacement for the many excellent Howard Heinz Endowment, the William Penn Foundation, greenway and trail guides already in existence. As the reader DCNR, the National Park Service, and PEC. becomes familiar with the work of creating greenways and trails, he or she will want to seek out the publications listed in the The purpose of the Partnership is to develop a coordinated Bibliography for in-depth theory and detailed procedures. approach for the planning, promotion, and funding of greenway projects throughout Pennsylvania by addressing four key areas: Using This Manual * Coalition building and networking with public, If you are a veteran of the greenways and trails movement and are private, and nonprofit sector greenway groups and organizations; already familiar with some of this information, use this manual to brief and orient new members of your organization. If you are * Informational and educational materials development, undertaking a greenways or trails project for the first time, read communications, and marketing; through the manual from cover to cover to understand the scope of * Assessment of greenways programs, legislation and the work you are undertaking. But don't be discouraged by the issues; and, size and complexity of the tasks! * Development of post-conference goals, strategies and plans of action to guide future greenway There are several distinct phases in the development of greenways initiatives based upon input received at the Governor's and trails. Each section of this manual covers one phase, and Conference on Greenways and Trails. describes the tasks to be competed in that phase, gives samples of plans and documents, provides lists of resources needed, and discusses helpful "Do's and Don'ts." Some quips, quotes, and anecdotes contributed by individuals who have been "in the Throughout this manual, examples of trenches" on similar projects illustrate the lessons learned by Pennsylvania greenways and trails are Pennsylvanians. Fundraising is a major activity that will need to highlighted by a leaf icon C be done during every phase of the process, so a chapter is included on obtaining the necessary financial support. vi We have provided examples and ideas from numerous trail and Since laws and policies, programs and greenway groups in Pennsylvania. For more details contact the projects, organizations and institutions change "Every step of the way, there group that provided the example. You will find contact informa- over a period of years, this manual will be tion in the Green Pages section of the appendices, an easy-to-use updated from time to time. Meanwhile, since is a new problem. But help list of important contacts. the individuals holding office or assigned as is out there. You just have staff often change, the Green Pages gives titles Since no two greenway or trail projects are alike, the reader will be rather than names of individuals. You can to ask." able to use this manual as a guide, but will need to adapt the advice consult references listed in the Bibliography, to fit local terrain, personalities, politics, preferences, needs, and such as the Conservation Directory of Penn- Lynn Conrad resources. Remember, as you build a permanent amenity for your sylvania and the "Commonwealth of Pennsyl- Rail-Trail Council community, you are also building part of a green infrastructure that vania Telephone Directory" to find the names of Northeast Pennsylvania will preserve the quality of life for all Pennsylvanians. of appropriate individuals to contact. Doing the research, completing the physical work, bringing in the resources, and building the partnerships to successfully complete The Greenways and Trails Creation any given phase can pose a daunting series of hurdles. Remember Process "Every project, every that private citizens, planning and consulting firms, governmental neighborhood is different. institutions, non-governmental organizations, and private enter- This manual deals with both greenways and prise all have roles to play. This manual explains the function of trails since, in practice, there is often a great There is no single formula. these players and provides the reader with contact information on deal of overlap between the two types of There is no substitute the partners and players who should be involved at every stage. corridors. Greenways may be created along You will find ready and willing contributors if you or your group the margins, as abandoned rail lines are for thinking." can articulate the vision and provide leadership. You must track converted to trails, and trails may be created the overall progress of the project and provide the leadership at during development of greenways. The Andy Loza each stage necessary to move the project along. process of creating a greenway or a trail Allegheny Land Trust generally breaks down into phases, which As mentioned above, the Green Pages provide contacts for are graphically shown on the next page, agencies and groups in Pennsylvania that play a role in greenways and which are discussed in detail later in and trails. This includes agencies at all levels of government, and this manual. statewide non-governmental organizations. Keep in mind that this is not a comprehensive list of all the greenway and trail groups or projects in Pennsylvania. vii Phases of Creating a Greenway or a Trail yyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyy VISIONING MANAGING yyyyyyyyyyyyyy THE GREENWAY OR TRAIL yyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyy BUILDING SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT yyyyyyyyyyyyyy yyyyyyyyyyyyyy PLANNING yyyyyyyyyyyyyy THE PROJECT ACQUISITION yyyyyyyyyyyyyy viii Section I Overview: Chapter 1: "Building a Green Legacy Introducing Greenways and Trails for Pennsylvania" Groups and individuals have long struggled to define the term "greenway," and the word "trail" can have many meanings. To clarify these terms, this chapter gives a working definition for Greenways and trails take many "greenway" and descriptions of different trail types. The functions forms and have many functions. of various types of greenways and trails are given. Any particular greenway or trail corridor may fit more than one definition, and This section provides a working perform more than one function. definition of greenways, a discussion Defining Greenways of their functions, and definitions The following is the working definition of the of trail types. term "greenway" adopted by the Pennsylvania Greenways Partnership: "A greenway is a corridor of open space. Greenways vary greatly in scale, from narrow ribbons of green that run through urban, suburban, and rural areas to wide corridors that incorporate diverse natural, cultural, and scenic features. Greenways can be land- or water-based, running along stream corridors, shorelines or wetlands. Some follow old railways, canals, ridge tops, or other features. They can incorporate both public and private property. Some greenways are primarily recreational corridors, while others function almost exclusively for environmental protection and are not designed for human passage. Greenways differ in their location and function, but overall, a greenway network will protect natural, cultural, and scenic resources, provide recreational benefits, enhance the natural beauty and the quality of life in neighborhoods and communities, and stimulate economic development opportunities." 1 Recreational Greenways Recreational greenways are created primarily for informal, low- impact recreation. Recreational use by residents and tourists may take place over the land or along a river enclosed in a riparian buffer greenway. Most recreational use of greenways occurs on trails, but hunting, fishing, wildlife watching, and enjoyment of cultural and historic sites in greenways are additional examples of such use. Riparian Buffers A riparian buffer is a conservation greenway along a river or creek that traps sediment and nutrients, shades and cools the water, protects the banks from erosion, and provides for wildlife move- ment and habitat. The Commonwealth is promoting the planting Understanding Greenway Forms and Functions of riparian buffers, including 600 miles by the year 2010 in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The connectivity function is the defining characteristic of greenways, and distinguishes them from isolated parks and Landscape Corridors conservation lands with a more compact shape commonly referred Landscape corridors are tracts, even within conservation lands, to as greenspaces. How Greenways Work: A Handbook on that are managed to maximize greenway values. In the Allegheny Ecology by Jonathan M. Larabee offers a readable explanation of National Forest, such internal greenways are managed to assure the ecological functions of greenways (see Bibliography). that pockets of old-growth timber are connected to other similar habitat areas by a band of mature forest. One such corridor Types of greenways include conservation greenways, recreational connects the Clarion River to the Tionesta National Scenic C greenways, riparian buffers, landscape corridors, greenbelts, and Area, continues on to the Heart's Content National Scenic Area, natural areas. As linear features, greenways provide conduits for and ultimately connects to the Allegheny River National wildlife mobility along corridors and suitable habitat. A prime Recreation Area. example of the conduit function of a greenway is the Mason-Dixon C Greenway, which will connect the White Clay Preserve at the Greenbelts Pennsylvania-Delaware border to the Fairhill Preserve in Mary- Greenbelts are interconnected conservation tracts and corridors that land. The two preserves are separated by only a few miles, and the wrap around a community. For example, a series of greenspaces greenway will allow for the movement of wildlife populations connected with trails around Harrisburg has been designated the C between the two green spaces. Capital Area Greenbelt. Conservation Greenways Natural Areas Conservation greenways exist primarily for the value of their Natural areas are greenspaces or greenways with nature observa- ecological functions. As conservation land, they provide habitat tion or environmental education functions. The natural resources for wildlife. The classic example of the habitat function is the incorporated into greenways make them useful as outdoor learning greenway along a stream corridor that provides food, shelter, and sites. If a greenway has access and parking, it is very likely to be cover to numerous species. The Loyalhanna Creek Greenway, used by school groups and environmental and civic organizations. C created by the Latrobe Foundation, Latrobe, Westmoreland County, Groups operating greenways often conduct interpretive program- is primarily a conservation greenway, although it contains the ming and consider their corridor a nature area or an outdoor Creekside Trail. learning center. 2 R elating Greenways to the Pennsylvania Landscape an example, and is being created to connect C conservation lands and riparian buffers The wide variety of landscapes in Pennsylvania, both natural and along a major river system. "This landscape corridor human-altered, dictates that greenways take many forms. For an will allow a goshawk, understanding of the geology that formed our landscapes, consult The shore line of lakes and ponds, undevel- Roadside Geology of Pennsylvania by Bradford B. Van Diver. which needs undisturbed opable wetlands, and watershed protection areas around reservoirs and riverbank and mature forest, Throughout Pennsylvania, and especially in the Valley-and-Ridge wellheads may constitute de facto Geophysical Province in the center of the state, inaccessible slopes greenways. For example, a conservation to cross safely through areas have remained largely undeveloped, forming de facto greenways. buffer protects Lake Scranton, a reservoir of the forest that are managed The ridge tops and other highlands represent an opportunity to which provides water to Scranton, C conserve natural resources in long and broad segments with a high Lackawanna County. for timber production and degree of connectivity. other uses." Human activity has altered the landscape Pennsylvania's valleys have seen their share of industrial and in such a way as to both provide threats Mary Hosmer residential development, which has often resulted in a fragmented to natural habitats and opportunities for Allegheny National Forest landscape. The developed valleys and lowlands represent a greenways. Long bands of highway present challenge in piecing together remaining fragments of natural land barriers to the mobility of some wildlife, to form greenways. while forming habitat and conduits for other plants and animals. The grassy margins provide a green verge, usually populated with The systems of rivers and creeks that drain our hillsides and valleys non-native species that have been planted for erosion control or constitute another geographic feature that can define greenways beautification, or which have colonized the disturbed sites. built along their banks. The waterways are natural connectors Abandoned public roads, little used rural roads, and customary between mountain and valley. The banks, unless channeled rights-of-way may function as greenways and are easily adapted between man-made structures, or severely impacted by construc- as trails. Last, in agricultural areas, another landscape altered tion, erosion, grazing or other human-associated activities, are by human activity, windbreaks and fence rows can serve as often bordered by green swaths. The Schuylkill River Greenway is linear habitats. The rights-of-way of canals and railroads, as well as utility corridors, often accommodate a band of natural or naturalized vegetation functioning as a greenway. For example, the Delaware River Greenway follows the Delaware Canal in Bucks County. C yyy Cities and suburbs contain structures and intensively managed yyy parcels of land with greatly reduced amounts of natural habitat. Greenspaces in these "built landscapes" are often totally isolated and lacking in species diversity. The ecological stability of these greenspaces is enhanced when they are connected with greenways. 3 Opportunities for urban greenways exist in abandoned transporta- People seek out trails as routes for transportation by foot and bike, tion corridors, streams and creeks, and even vacant industrial tracts. separated from routes used by automobiles. They seek trails for In Southeastern Pennsylvania, the GreenPlan, adopted by the recreation on softer surfaces surrounded by green buffers and C Greenspace Alliance and numerous communities in the area, pastoral or wilderness scenery. Trails connect human communities provides an example for the linking of such greenspaces within the and points of interest, and very often provide greenway functions. developed areas around the City of Philadelphia. Greenbelts have long been used to separate developed areas from Understanding T rail Forms and Functions C rural areas. The Montour Trail, which loops around the south of Trails are usually described by the predominant activity, such as Pittsburgh in Allegheny and Washington counties, serves this hiking trails or snowmobile trails. A trail's use depends on the function. amenities offered along the trail, its length, proximity to population centers, access points, the terrain it passes through, and the trail The effect of linking non-contiguous parcels is dramatic and the surface. Trails, like greenways, have several purposes including value of existing greenspaces is increased when they are joined to recreation, fitness, commuting, and access to points of interest. other conservation areas and to population centers. The ecological A trail may be a grassy lane through woods, a historical path, functions of greenways are enhanced when they connect critical, or a designated route over streets and sidewalks. If heavy threatened, and endangered habitats, such as wetlands. Wildlife commuter traffic parallels the corridor, the trail may see more from one such area can intermingle with that of another, providing use as people seek alternative modes of travel to the workplace opportunities to recharge depleted areas and to prevent in-breeding and shopping centers. of isolated populations. The ecological functions of greenways are also enhanced when they encompass waterways, since most Hiking trails are usually located in wilderness areas, are at least wildlife is dependent on clean water and there is often a greater several miles in length, and may be only a narrow footpath with diversity of species along waterways than in upland habitats. minor improvement to the trail bed. If camping is allowed along These functions are further enhanced in proportion to the width of the trail, it may be suitable for backpacking. Most trails are used the greenway, since this provides more "interior" habitat and less for day hikes. Both backpackers and day hikers tend to seek out "edge" or boundary between two distinct habitats. Wider trails where changes in elevation bring scenic vistas, and where greenways also provide more space for separation of recreation and there is less likelihood of running into motorized vehicles. other human activity from the conservation areas of a greenway. Nature trails are usually shorter trails of a mile or two in length Defining T rails and are likely to form complete loops. They are most likely to "Trails of all types ought to be be used by citizens of the surrounding region, but if promoted, The total mileage of trails existing in Pennsyl- advertised, or cited in a guidebook, tourists from across the endemic to all communities." vania is unknown. From small footpaths at Commonwealth and beyond may use such trails. One trail traveled campgrounds and state parks, to fire breaks by visitors to Pennsylvania is the North Lookout Trail at Hawk C Bill Sellers and lumber roads in state forests, trails come Mountain. Brandywine Conservancy in all designs, widths, and lengths. For purposes of this manual, only longer, well- Nature trails often have interpretive signs, bird-watching blinds, developed, named, and marked trails, under observation towers, boardwalks, and a variety of enhancements for the care and management of an agency or organization are studying wildlife. The Tannersville Bog, a nature-study site C C considered. The Appalachian Trail, for instance, is managed by operated by the Monroe County Conservation District, is well- a number of volunteer trail organizations, each maintaining a small known for the boardwalks that make the wetland terrain accessible segment of the trail. Together, these groups form the Appalachian while protecting it from degradation. Trail Conference. 4 Hike-and-bike trails exclude motorized conveyances except Bike routes are usually routes over streets and state highways maintenance vehicles. Flatter, wider trails with improved surfaces with pavement wide enough to accommodate bicycles side-by-side appeal to a wider audience of pedestrians, mountain bikers, with cars, or where other characteristics make them preferable for horseback riders, and cross-country skiers. The Lambs Creek cyclists. A multi-use trail through a greenway may be designated C Hike-and-Bike Trail connects the Borough of Mansfield in Tioga as a bike route. County with a picnic area two-and-a-half miles away. It has a paved trail surface that is seven feet wide. Rail-trails are a significant category of trails because the rail system in Pennsylvania is so extensive. The Bureau of Rail Multi-use trails may allow motorized conveyances and, in Freight, Ports, and Waterways, in the Pennsylvania Department general, provisions are made to separate motorized vehicles, non- of Transportation, reports that, although Pennsylvania's main lines motorized conveyances, and pedestrians. The separation may be still carry passenger and freight traffic, short lines and spurs are physical, establishing lanes for different modes of travel. Some- being abandoned at the rate of approximately a dozen each year. times, the separation is accomplished by establishing different Where rail lines can be "rail-banked" before abandonment, seasonal uses. purchased during the abandonment process, or reacquired, they provide nearly ready-made trails and the rights-of-way provide Exercise trails close to population centers may attract runners, greenway corridors. Secrets of Successful Rail-Trails, by the joggers, speed-walkers and others for fitness purposes. Rodale Rails-to-Trails Conservancy, is a guidebook to the complexities C Fitness Park, a legacy of the late Robert Rodale, a leading of rail-trail acquisition and development (see Bibliography). Pennsylvania publisher and proponent of environmental sustainability, provides a trail with separate lanes for pedestrians, Rails-with-trails are a special case where a trail co-exists with an cyclists, and users of in-line skates. Exercise trails often active rail line, such as the Five Star Trail, a project now underway C incorporate elements of a fitness course such as balance beams, in Westmoreland County, and in York County, where the Heritage chin-up bars, and sit-up benches. Rail-Trail runs beside an active line over the route of a seasonally operated scenic train ride. This concept can be extended to other Where paved with a smooth surface such as asphalt, and especially types of transportation corridors. where close to population centers, a trail will attract users of in-line skates, roller skates, skate boards, baby carriages, and strollers. Tow paths, once used by mules who pulled canal boats, are being Touring bikes add to the traffic when pavement is available. converted to trails and incorporated into greenways in several places C Fairmount Park, along the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, is in Pennsylvania. Although not as vast as the system of railroads, intensively used because it is accessible to a large population and Pennsylvania once had an extensive system of canals accommodates a wide variety of recreation modes. used for transportation. In the eastern part of the state, the Delaware Canal State Park is popular with pedestrians and bikers. C C Bike paths, such as the Philadelphia-Valley Forge Bike Path, are separate paths designated for bicycles only. Mountain bikes have Snowmobile trails and ATV trails may pass through parks, along made many trails formerly reachable only by foot accessible to sections of multi-use trails, or over private land where a club or trail wheeled conveyance. Even narrow footpaths over steep terrain are riders association has obtained agreements with the landowners. sought out venues for adventurous "single track" riders. Land These accommodate tracked snowmobiles, three- or four-wheeled managers in some areas seek to separate cyclists from hikers by all-terrain-vehicles (ATVs), and motorized dirt bikes. Cross- restricting them to designated mountain bike trails. country skiers often take advantage of these trails as well. The Northeast Snow Trails Association maintains a system of trails and C works with the Rail-Trail Council of Northeastern Pennsylvania. 5 Utility corridors for power lines and pipe lines are also linear a scenic byway is usually wilderness or pastoral and may be features that lend themselves to trail development. In suburban and preserved by conservation efforts, such as easements. When the rural areas these corridors are managed to prevent overgrowth and area protected from the visual clutter of development is sufficiently usually contain rudimentary access roads. Hikers, mountain bikers large, the area is referred to as a "viewshed." and ATV riders often make unofficial use of these corridors. Most utilities can co-exist with trail development as the Plainfield Blueways C Township Recreation Trail co-exists with the Transcontinental Gas Also called blue routes or water trails, blueways are primarily Pipeline Corporation's pipeline and the power transmission lines of recreational routes through scenic areas where rivers form the GPU Energy Company. corridor and are used for extended trips by canoe, kayak, or raft. For example, campsites on islands and shorelines provided by the C Understanding Corridor Concepts National Park Service in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area provide a functional water trail between Milford, In addition to trails, there are other greenway corridor concepts: Pike County, and Water Gap, Monroe County. In some cases, * Heritage Corridors protected areas of wilderness habitat along shorelines effectively * Scenic Byways act as a greenway. * Blueways Heritage Corridors Understanding Community Benefits Heritage Corridors, formed under federal of Gr eenways and T rails "The Delaware and Lehigh or state heritage parks programs, are not Navigational Canal Heritage necessarily greenways. They usually have Greenways and trails offer numerous direct and indirect benefits a large management area with little actual to the communities in which they are located. In fact, the benefits Corridor follows the canal real estate. They are charged with inter- are so numerous that a greenway or trail can contribute measurably and the rail lines that brought preting the historic and cultural features to the overall quality of life. Penn State University conducted a of a distinct region or area, such as the study of three trails for the National Park Service. The results coal from Wilkes-Barre in the C Alle gheny Ridge State Heritage Park. are published in a report entitled The Impacts of Rail-Trails: Wyoming Valley to market at When the predominant heritage resource A Study of Users and Nearby Property Owners From Three Trails is a linear feature, as is the case of the (see Bibliography). tidewater, at Bristol on the C Dela ware and Lehigh Navigational Canal Delaware River. The corridor Heritage Corridor, there are often trail and The National Park Service has compiled a resource book titled greenway components of the corridor Economic Impacts of Protecting Rivers, Trails, and Greenway is 130 miles long. Although development. Corridors (see Bibliography). This document cites dozens of we promote and interpret studies showing economic and other benefits. It also gives Scenic Byways examples of how to use documented benefits to make the general historical features all along Scenic byways can be thought of as auto- public and important decision-makers aware of the value of the way, we actually do not trails and may function as greenways. greenways and trails. Scenic byways offer travelers an alternate own any of it." route to beautiful scenery, cultural and Recreational Value and Health Benefit historical resources, and recreational The recreational value of greenways and trails is often their Gerry Bastoni activities. Where a road corridor has a foremost attraction. In addition to the entertainment value of D & L Navigational Canal significant cultural and historic heritage, recreation, there is a significant health and fitness benefit as most Heritage Corridor and where the view from that corridor is recreational activities pursued on trails involve exercise. This deemed scenic, the route may be desig- health benefit accrues to the individual, and, in the form of reduced 6 nated a scenic byway. The landscape along health-care costs, to society as well. available close to the attractions. More and more people are COMMUNITY BENEFITS OF GREENW A YS AND TRAILS attracted to the outdoor recreation destination, knowing that there is civilization to fall back on in inclement weather and that their * Recreational value * Safety enhancement hospitality needs will be met before and after their excursion. * Health benefit * Economic benefit * Pollution mitigation * Historic preservation There are economic benefits derived directly * Flood mitigation * Scenic preservation from the development and operation of * Transportation enhancement greenways and trails. Direct benefits include "You have to look at a trail employment created and money spent on greenways and trails. Indirect benefits include and ask what advantage there Pollution Mitigation and Flood Mitigation the savings to community taxpayers when Greenways play a role in pollution mitigation. Some forms of is to the people in town. comparing the expense of greenways and trails pollution mitigated by our green infrastructure include noise, to the expense of developing, operating and Whether you live beside the water, thermal, and air pollution. There are savings to society over maintaining other types of public recreational the cost of other clean-up and mitigation methods, and health trail or four miles away, it facilities. benefits from the reduction of pollution. Floodplain forests and enhances your property value. wetlands protected by greenways provide a flood mitigation benefit Some recreational activity takes place beside as well, reducing stormwater damage and recharging aquifers. Trails enhance the positive or at a distance from a greenway, and the people engaged in that activity benefit from image of your community and Transportation Enhancement and Safety Benefit the greenway's existence. Indirect benefits can Serving as transportation corridors, trails encourage pedestrian and improve the quality of life." be seen in the example of the angler who bicycle commuting as an alternative to automobile commuting, catches fish in a creek where a greenway Glenn Solt thus reducing traffic and congestion on roads, and reducing fuel upstream has protected the water quality and Whitehall Township consumption and its associated pollution. Again, there is a health provided a healthy habitat for the species that benefit in choosing this mode of transportation. Safety is another later become a part of the aquatic food chain. community benefit where designated pedestrian and bicycle paths provide an opportunity to separate human-powered commuters Communities with trails and greenways often benefit in terms of from automobiles. improvements in corporate relocation and retention rates, since quality of life is an important factor in choosing sites for business Economic Benefits and industry. Recreational, educational, historical and cultural sites, nature centers, museums, and trails attract tourists. This brings a direct And last, but not least, there is an economic benefit as property economic benefit to local restaurants, hotels, and service stations as values increase due to proximity to greenspace and increased tourists spend dollars on food, lodging, and gasoline. Liveries, overall community livability. equipment and clothing vendors, and other commercial establish- ments may move into the area to serve the population attracted by a Historic Preservation and Scenic Preservation greenway. For example, the regrowth of downtown Jim Thorpe, Greenways can be important to historic preservation and can Carbon County, from six businesses to sixty, has been attributed to protect a scenic view or landscape tourists see from a prominent a constellation of attractions, including the Switch Back Trail, overlook or roadway. C rafting on the Lehigh River, and the Lehigh Gorge State Park. There may be a synergistic effect as "civilized comforts" become 7 8 Section II The Vision and Chapter 2: Organization Phase: Visioning the Greenway or Trail "Volunteers with a In Greenways for America, author Charles Little chronicles the Vision" evolution of the greenway movement, beginning with Boston's "Emerald Necklace," a system of parks designed by 19th-century landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted (see Greenway and trail projects begin Bibliography). Little characterizes the greenways movement as "citizen-led." Since the time of as a vision and culminate in the Olmsted, across the country and in Pennsylva- nia, greenways and trails have been proposed use of the greenway or trail itself. and created under the leadership of those who This section discusses the have a vision, articulate that vision, and recruit others to make it a reality. Forming the vision development of a vision, provides is the essential act that begins the greenway development process. information on sharing that vision, and gives guidance on creating Forming The Early Vision a team, committee, or organization Sometimes a greenway or trail is conceived, to mobilize the resources of the planned, and developed by a professional in the employ of a resource conservation agency community to bring it to life. or a municipal agency. The planner may be looking for transportation corridor alignments, or the parks and recreation manager may want The flowchart on page viii graphically to provide safe walking or biking routes. In other cases, private citizens are the leading proponents when represents this process. individuals or small groups of people notice an available corridor in their community. For example, citizens may be fishing on a creek and notice the threat of habitat destruction along its banks. At some point, someone sets the vision by asking, "Wouldn't it be nice if this were preserved, protected, cleaned up, and opened to the public?" 9 Sharing the Vision In Pennsylvania, most greenway and trail development is initiated by local volunteers who share the vision with the local community and form a partnership with local, county, and state officials. Within this partnership, the scope of the project and the process are defined and leadership emerges. Providing Leadership An agency or non-governmental organization (NGO) may take the lead on a greenway or trail project, or citizens may band together No one person is likely to have all the abilities and personal to form an ad hoc committee to start the process. Either the resources to carry on an entire greenway or trail project single- manager assigned by the agency, staff of the NGO, or a volunteer handed. The most important thing to realize is that much of the from the grass roots level will need to provide leadership from this work will be done by a team of interested people from all walks of stage onward. Leadership is a key ingredient in transforming life and in cooperation with professionals from numerous agencies. vision into reality. To do that, the leader must concentrate on building the organiza- tion and effective partnerships. The ideal candidate for project leader will The organization, agency, team or coalition engaged in the "The leader sees where have strong communication skills and the ability to foster teamwork. He or she project will need to recruit other people with the necessary talent peoples' interests are and will have knowledge of how government and commitment to undertake specific tasks at each stage of the project. Some of those tasks are listed below. motivates them to volunteer works and understand local politics. The leader will also be a person who is in accordance with those sensitive to the needs and desires of many VOLUNTEER AND STAFF TASKS interests. You seek out different types of users and who has tenacity and patience. The leader must be open to who does what best, and * Soliciting public input and educating the public continual learning. and officials encourage them to contribute * Seeking additional resources and motivating Duties will include but not be limited to: according to their potential. additional participants understanding the vision and the overall * Producing publications, such as brochures and And always let them process and articulating them to others; news releases guiding planning to accomplish each step; know how important their obtaining commitments and support; * Raising funds and writing grant proposals contribution is." building relationships and partnerships; * Organizing events and building an organization or coalition of * Seeking and organizing information about Judy Rimple organizations. The leader will also targeted properties Anthracite Scenic Trails Association conduct meetings and make presentations. * Researching environmental liabilities * Conducting real estate appraisals and negotiating agreements * Assessing and planning to reduce risks under liability law * Planning for environmental resource management 10 Recruiting Initial Support disband? Is it to foster and promote greenways throughout a certain geographic region indefinitely? In a citizen-led effort, the person or persons with the original vision may spread that vision informally among friends, colleagues, and The convener of the meeting may continue to act as chairperson or families. Often fellow members of an existing club or organization a chairperson may be elected. A recorder or secretary should be are recruited as the first enthusiastic supporters. Begin by gathering appointed. Although informal steering committees most often to discuss the possibilities. Take a trip together through or along the operate by consensus in making decisions, some decisions are corridor. Discuss your vision of what you could be looking at. important for future reference and should be recorded in minutes. Accept input from everyone. If people begin to contribute their own ideas at this early stage, they are more likely to remain involved with the project. Choosing a Name As soon as a few people are involved, the effort can gather momen- Another early job of the steering committee "A greenway along the tum. These early supporters reinforce the vision, provide labor for is to select a name for the greenway or Conemaugh could serve a early tasks, provide additional contacts, and represent a variety of trail. Name selection is important since it viewpoints for early decision making. They may form the nucleus will distinguish the corridor from others, variety of purposes. Each of of an ad hoc committee. As the effort to share the vision continues, and will often be the very first words these purposes may have the ad hoc committee can expand and become a steering committee anyone hears about your project. It will different implications for for the project. denote the function of the corridor and connote something of local history, culture, greenway layout, design, and landscape. It should be "catchy," as Forming a Steering Committee are, for example, the names of the "Path development, and manage- of the Flood Trail" in Johnstown, Cambria ment. These purposes do not When a project is being led by an existing agency or non-govern- County, and the "Ghost Town Trail" in mental organization, form a steering committee. While you will have to be mutually exclusive, Indiana and Cambria Counties. Check welcome all those with interest in the project as supporters, and with Rails-to-Trails Conservancy or however; the most effective possibly as members in an organization, "hand pick" the steering the DCNR (see Green Pages) to be sure committee members based on their talents, abilities, resources and that your name is distinct from others. greenways accomplish commitment. Try to recruit representatives of all the communities Begin using the name as soon as possible several goals compatibly." along the corridor and representatives of potential user groups. to build an identity for the corridor. Be sure to include residents in the neighborhood of the corridor From Conemaugh and individuals in the business and civic communities as well. River Greenway Concept Plan, Obtaining Non-profit Status National Park Service and The management agencies for any independently managed proper- ties such as preserves, parks, and state forests in the corridor should If an existing not-for-profit group or govern- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers C be invited to steering committee meetings. The Conemaugh River ment agency does not take the lead on a Greenway, for instance, incorporates two state forest natural areas, greenway or trail project, a separate non-profit three parcels of State Gamelands, and a State Park. organization will need to be formed to raise funds by charitable contribution, receive grants, enter into legally binding contracts, and hold titles and easements. Section 501(c)(3) of the U.S. Defining a Purpose Internal Revenue Code of 1986, defines and limits the activities of not-for-profit organizations. Your organization will need to file A very important task at the first meeting of the Steering Commit- articles of incorporation and adopt formal by-laws. Samples are tee is to define a purpose. Is your mission to convert a rail line to a provided in the Appendix, but you should obtain legal advice to trail, turn it over to the county recreation department and then guide you in the process. 11 The organization formed may be a trail "Landowners and citizens conservancy, a land trust, or an alliance of other organizations. Numerous models for are more likely to support you organization exist, including the Carantouan C if they perceive you as a Greenway, which is incorporated as a non- profit in both Pennsylvania and New York grass-roots effort rather than because the founders realized that this was the as part of a governmental easiest way to relate to agencies in two states. Contact the Bureau of Charitable Organiza- bureaucracy, at least here in tions at the Pennsylvania Department of State northern Pennsylvania." for additional information (see Green Pages). Consult with the other not-for-profit organiza- Destiny Kinal tions in your area for advice. Carantouan Greenway Chapter 3: Sharing Y our V ision Sharing the vision means reaching out to key members of the community and to the general public with information about your proposed project. This may involve introducing them to the concept of greenways and trails for the first time and educating them about their benefits. Various tools can be developed to assist your effort to communicate with the public. * First, create a concept plan. * From this, a case statement can be prepared for dissemination. * Initiate personal contacts with key community leaders, landowners and neighbors early in the process. * Finally, follow up with a full-fledged publicity campaign. 12 Developing a Concept Plan The discussion at this stage is still broad in scope. As more information is accumulated, and as circumstances change, revisit After you have established a team to work on a greenway or trail some of these questions. As information is accumulated, you and project, the first critical task is to define the scope of the project. your team will develop a dossier of information about the corridor. Fleshing out the vision and beginning to plan for how the vision This information should be organized into a suitable file system will be brought to life can be done through developing a concept and made available for reference. Use the information to revise plan. It is the first formal rendering of the vision on paper. This the concept plan and to create a case statement. is a document that will set a framework for how the group will proceed to carry out the project. It is also an accumulation of information and a record of decisions. Developing the Case Statement When you and your team are able to answer the questions listed on this page, you will begin to develop a case statement for the QUESTIONS TO ANSWER project. A case statement is a one- or two-page write-up that can IN YOUR CONCEPT PLAN be presented to the public to explain the basics of the project. It * What is it now? can be illustrated with a map (from available sources) and perhaps (Riv Abandoned rail line? erbank? Ridgetop?) with photos or sketches of interesting features in the corridor. * Who owns the corridor now? It should list at least one person to contact for more information, (Individual landowners? A corporation? A public entity? and contain the date it was created. Are there few parcels or many?) The case statement is also the first fact sheet you will disseminate * What could it be? (Potential greenway? Potential trail?) to a larger audience. It can form the basis of later brochures and * Where does the corridor start and end? articles. Give the case statement to each member of your team, * How wide is it? How wide could it be? prospective members, prospective funding sources, public officials, * What points of interest does it connect? agency staff, news reporters, landowners, neighbors, and key * What is interesting about the corridor? community leaders. (History and features) * Who else is using the corridor now? Making Initial Contacts with Public Officials * What could it look like when fully developed? and Opinion Leaders * What are the obvious benefits to the community if this were to be developed? When you have a concept plan, a case statement, a sense of where the resources will come from and an idea of the shape of the final * What might be some of the liabilities? product, you are ready to begin public outreach efforts. Public * What entity will ultimately manage the corridor? officials and opinion leaders should be informed directly by the * What else is going on in the community that might help group as soon as possible. Whenever possible, they should be or hinder? enlisted as partners in your project. Even if they cannot contribute * What are some likely sources of funding? resources directly, their good will is important and they will have * Who are potential partners, with expertise and resources? information and suggestions to offer at some point in the future. Step 1: Make a list of "who's who" in the community. Work to obtain a good cross-section of the people in the area your project will serve. Obtain names, addresses, and phone numbers of leaders in each of the categories listed on the next page. 13 Step 2: Send a copy of your case statement Meeting with Public Officials and Opinion Leaders "People would rather hear it along with a cover letter expressing your group's willingness to listen to their ideas To promote good relationships with people who may influence from you in person than read and concerns. Include an invitation to attend your project or influence public support for the corridor, obtain an about it in the paper. Then they any of your meetings, and mention that you interview, if possible, with each key contact. At the end of the or a member of your group would be willing interview, sit down for a few minutes and make notes while your know you really do care about to meet with them individually if they cannot memory of the interview is fresh. You may use them when their concerns and are more attend the next meeting. Follow up with a reporting back to your steering committee and as you move on to phone call to schedule the interview at a time advanced stages of the project. likely to work with you than and location convenient to them. against you. Also, you don't It is also a good idea, even on first contact, want them to hear and react to to include a simple survey or response card MEETING PREP ARA TION CHECKLIST rumors before you give them that the recipient of the letter can fill out and Bring your case statement return. Simple questions might identify the real information." which user groups the respondent belongs to, Bring a map desired trail activities, and whether he or she Show sketches and photos Mike Quinn feels the project would provide a community Jenkins & Quinn Transportation Ask for input benefit. Ask what level of support he or she Specialists Ask for referrals to other key people or his or her organization could supply. A sample Partner Profile Survey is included in Keep the interview short the Appendix. Meeting with Landowners A "WHO'S WHO" LISTING OF CONT ACTS Landowners with whom you will need to negotiate easements or * Staff in local offices of federal, state and county agencies purchase of property are also people to consider for key initial * Elected officials at federal, state, county, and contacts. Send the case statement, make a follow-up phone call, municipal levels and ask for an interview. It is recommended that individual meetings be set. Do not enter into negotiations at this point; * Planning commissions, park and recreation departments just make them aware of your intent to create a greenway or trail, * Environmental Advisory Councils let them know what it is and how it will work. Be a good listener. * Environmental and conservation groups Ask what benefits they see from the project, and what problems * Chambers of commerce they foresee, as well. * Leaders of industry and commerce * Historical, cultural, and heritage groups * Outdoor recreation groups * Corridor landowners * Owners of adjacent properties * Media (newspapers, radio, TV) 14 Chapter 4: Building, Strengthening and Managing Y our Or ganization Building, strengthening and managing your organization effec- Holding On to Supporters, Members and V olunteers tively involves not only attracting and maintaining members, but also deciding on a management structure for the organization and If it takes effort to recruit citizens to your cause, it takes even more developing and implementing a strategic plan. This chapter to hold on to them. The cost of initially recruiting a member and includes information on five key tasks: processing the membership may be so high that there is no net income to the organization until that member is solicited for * Recruiting supporters, members, and volunteers renewal or persuaded to give at a higher level. * Keeping them on board by orienting, educating, and empowering them * Working together to produce results TIPS FOR HOLDING ON TO SUPPORTERS, * Managing the organization MEMBERS AND VOLUNTEERS * Creating a strategic plan. * Make sure they understand the project and their role * Conduct a thorough orientation Recruiting Suppor ters, Members and V olunteers * Provide frequent newsletters and correspondence "We have over 80 businesses The minimum level of individual support is simple approval of * Hold member events and recognize that give a discount at their your concept and endorsement of your plan. At a higher level of volunteers support, you want people to join a greenway or trail organization, place of business to card- * Provide appreciation awards and and participate in meetings and events. At the most enthusiastic premiums (pins, decals, discounts) carrying members. We then level of support, citizens will become active volunteers and * Ask volunteers what they are interested provide sustained efforts in making the vision a reality. produce a brochure that lists in doing and involve them in tasks * Have regular membership and volunteer each of these businesses, It takes time, energy, and money to recruit supporters, members, meetings and volunteers. Interested citizens can demonstrate their support which we distribute to all by attending public meetings and writing letters. Membership * Present entertainment or educational programs at each meeting members annually. This dollars and donations can provide operating capital, and volunteers can provide labor on all types of activities and connections to the * Accept their input and ideas encourages members to visit community. Potential supporters, members, and volunteers may be those businesses, and the solicited through articles in the paper, interviews on radio and TV, and presentations to clubs and organizations. Volunteers may be businesses provide our mem- recruited from agencies such as the Retired Senior Volunteer bers with a valuable benefit." Program (RSVP) and the Service Corps of Retired Executives (SCORE). Consult your local telephone directory for contacts. Vickie Greenlee Friends of the National Park at Gettysburg 15 Fundraising tasks include: Grant writing, charitable foundation work, organizing fundraising events, and designing and marketing logo-bearing merchandise. A well-known community fundraiser should be recruited to lead this effort. Work projects may include: Clean-ups, preparing large mailings, distributing materials, con- struction projects, staffing events, and assisting with inventories. Scout groups, RSVP, and civic organizations, such as the Jaycees, can be recruited to assist with specific projects. For example, the RSVP of Wyoming Valley, Luzerne County, has a team of C volunteers trained to handle bulk mail preparation for a variety of yy non-profit groups. yy Managing the Organizational Structure Managing the organization involves tasks such as convening meetings, providing information, raising operating funds, maintain- ing an office, and offering membership services. You will want the most efficient management possible so that valuable resources can be focused on the greenway or trail project itself. Working Together to Produce Results There are three key tasks volunteers can undertake: A MANAGEMENT RESOURCE TIP * Public relations * Fundraising La Salle University, in Philadelphia, runs the Non-profit Management Development Center and can * Work projects provide training courses and guidance on management and planning for your organization (see the Green Pages). Most greenway and trail groups handle these diverse tasks by finding individuals to take the responsibility, or by forming subcommittees. Consider hiring a consulting firm for management, or cooperating Public relations tasks include: with an existing non-profit group. This may be more cost-effective Writing, editing, layout and design; photography and videography; than establishing your own office and staff and will take advantage publishing; public speaking; and creating audio and video tapes. of the contacts and expertise of people already in the field. An individual with media experience or public relations training should be recruited to lead this effort. 16 Creating a Strategic Plan Objectives The third step is to devise one or more specific objectives that If you are building an organization it is useful to develop a written can be undertaken to achieve each goal. One objective for the strategic plan. When your members, partners, and other stakehold- above goal could be: "Five hundred participants at the May ers see that a firm plan to undertake specific actions is in place, Fitness Fair will be able to describe the health benefits of a trail." their enthusiasm can be turned into active participation. Hire a Before adopting a set of objectives, check that adequate resources consulting firm to create the entire strategic plan, or do the work are available to carry out each objective. Also, it is important yourself under the guidance of an experienced facilitator. to identify at least one person responsible for implementation of each objective. ELEMENTS OF A STRATEGIC PLAN: Action items The fourth step in writing a strategic plan is to list the action items. * Mission statement For the above example, action items could include: "Contact the * Goals health fair organizers to schedule a presentation. Write a script * Objectives for the presentation. Prepare a fact sheet about the health benefits. * Action items Give the presentation and distribute fact sheets." Develop a * Evaluation timetable and estimate costs for each set of action items as part of the plan. Evaluation Mission Statement The last step in developing a strategic plan is the design of an on- The first step in a strategic planning process is to develop your going evaluation process to assess whether or not each objective mission statement. For example, the mission of the Susquehanna has been met. This process should include the collection of Warrior Trail might be stated as follow